技术分析二——图表基础

下面是你需要知道的几点概念。
1、柱状图
每一个柱状长条都代表一段时间内的价格走势。“时间段”可以长达一个月，也可以是一分钟，其中，其中日线图最受欢迎。
 
OHLC代表了价格条上的四个要素：开盘价（O）、最高价（H）、最低价(L)、收盘价(C)。
2、开盘价和收盘价
开盘价：从当天（或交易周期）的第一笔交易价格，人们会在开市时根据前一天的收盘价下单。收盘价：是当天（或交易周期）的最后一笔交易价格。机构投资人通常会根据一天的走势在收盘时下单。开盘价显示了市场的波动情绪，而收盘价（大多数情况下）是经过合理的、深入研究得出的结果。开盘价和收盘价对下一个周期的价格影响是很大的。但是，在分析本周期市场走势时应该被忽略。
3、波动范围
波动范围是指一天内或一个周期内，最高价和最低价之间的区间。
4、主导地位
每个交易都需要有一个买家和卖家---因此，买卖双方的人数是均衡的。如果在目前价位上，潜在的买方数量多余卖方，那么价格将会在买方的推动下上升，直到价格重新达到平衡为止。如果卖方人数多于买方，那么相反的情况就会发生----价格因卖方的压力而走低。一方超越另外一方的情况就叫做拥有主导地位。
我们可以根据之前的收盘价位、波动范围和开盘价推断出哪一方占主导地位。
5、进场的热衷度
如果价格在大量的买家推动下上涨，一些买家会因较高的价格而放弃交易，这时更多的卖家会被吸引进场。由于价格因素引起的买卖双方进出市场的比率被称作主导方的热衷度。
如果买方不顾价格的上涨坚持进场，那么价格将会继续升高，这时买方将无法获利。同样的，如果卖方持续的做空，市场价格也会因此继续下跌。。
买卖双方的交易热衷度在市场上也是有线索可寻的：
• 本次收盘价与上次收盘价的相对位置
• 收盘价和波动范围的关系
• 扩大或缩小的价格波动范围
• 连续K线波动范围间的差距
• 交易量
6、多头和空头头寸
由于外汇交易（尤其是交易期货和期权）的复杂性，外汇交易者通常不使用卖和卖来形容多头和空头头寸。做多意味着买进看涨期权或期货合约，并希望从它们看涨的价格上获利。做空意味着出售资产，买入看跌期权，或者是卖出看涨期权，或者是买入期货合约，试图因该资产的价格下跌获利。做空需要你“卖出别人的资产”，因为你没有自己的资产。当价格下跌后，你再买入该资产去“偿还该资产”。空头通常情况下只会持续几天，并且需要经纪商协助有经验的交易者进行做空操作。
如果你只是做多，那么做空信号即是你平仓的信号。
开仓 = 建立多头或空头头寸
平仓 = 放弃多头或空头头寸
获利=减少多头或口头头寸
通常情况下，市场并没有明确的走势。比如道琼斯指数可以是持续很多年的牛市；而第二轮的向上需要经过几个月的下跌校正；也有可能会是本周内的反弹。
 
市场周期可以包括：:
• 以年计算的长期或主要趋势
• 3周至6个月的次要趋势
• 三周以内的短期趋势
• 日内走势
需要记住的重点是：长期趋势影响短期趋势。
在上升趋势中，第二轮的上涨会比调整强劲。在下降趋势中，调整大多数情况下会比下降强劲。不同时间框架下的趋势交替的时候市场可能出现异常。它们会相互抵消并有一个走势，这会导致极度的高点或低值。
7、图表分析
避免一直沉迷在日内图表走势中，至少要在两个时间框架内分析价格走势。要根据较大时间框架下的价格走势来判断它们对小时间框架内价格的影响。根据相邻的最高价位或最低价位来预测此轮走势的长度。

Chart Basics
Here are some of the basic concepts that you will need to know:
Bar Charts
Each bar represents price performance for a specific period. These periods may be as long as a month or as short as a minute, daily bars being the most popular.
 
OHLC stands for the 4 elements displayed on a typical price bar:
• opening price;
• highest price;
• lowest price; and
• closing price.
Opening and Closing Prices
Opening price is taken from the first trade of the day (or period). The public tend to place orders at the opening of the market, reacting to the previous day's close. Closing price is taken from the last trade of the day (or period). Institutional investors normally watch developments during the day and place orders towards the close. Opening price indicates the emotional direction of the market and the closing price represents (in most cases) a more reasoned and well-researched view.
Open and close are only significant for periods with a definite break before the next opening, as with days or weeks. They should be ignored in analyzing intra-day charts or markets that are open 24 hours a day.
Range
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest prices traded during a day (or period).
Control
For every transaction there must be a buyer and a seller - so the actual number of buyers and sellers is always equal. If there are more potential buyers than sellers at the current price, buying pressure will force the price upwards until equilibrium is re-established. The opposite occurs if there are more sellers than buyers - prices will be forced downward. The side that outweighs the other is said to have control.
We can identify control from the position of the closing price in relation to:
• The previous closing price;
• The range; and
• The opening price.
See Bar Charts for more details.
Commitment
If an excess of buyers forces price to rise, some buyers will be deterred by the higher prices and withdraw, and more sellers may be enticed into the market. The rate of withdrawal/entry in response to changing prices is referred to as the commitment (or eagerness) of the party in control.
If buyers are strongly committed they will not deterred by rising prices and will continue to bid the price up, with little profit-taking. Likewise, if sellers are committed they will not be deterred by lower prices and will continue to sell the stock down.
The market provides a number of clues as to the commitment of buyers and sellers:
• the position of closing price relative to the previous close;
• the position of closing price relative to the range;
• expanding or contracting ranges;
• gaps between consecutive ranges; and
• volume traded.
Long and Short Positions
Because of the complexity of trading positions, especially when trading in futures and options, traders avoid the terms buy and sell, and refer to long and short positions.
Long
Going long means buying an asset, a call option or a futures contract with a view to profiting from a rise in the price of the underlying asset.
Short
Going short means selling an asset, buying a put option, selling a call option, or entering a futures contract with a view to profiting from a decline in the price of the underlying asset. Short-selling requires that you borrow stock for delivery, as you have sold an asset you do not own. The intention is to buy later, when the price has fallen, in order to repay the borrowed stock. Short positions are normally only of a few days duration and should only be attempted by experienced traders with the assistance of their broker.
If you are only trading the long side of the market, short signals should be interpreted as a signal to close any long position.
Entry = Open a long or short position.
Exit = Quit a long or short position.
Take profits = Reduce a long or short position.
Time Frames
Markets often trend in more than one direction at the same time: The Dow can be in an upward bull trend (which may endure for several years); while the secondary cycle corrects downwards over several months; and a short-term rally occurs during the current week.
 
Market cycles may include:
• Long-term (or primary) trends that are measured in years;
• Intermediate (or secondary) trends of 3 weeks up to 6 months;
• Short-term cycles of less than 3 weeks; and
• Intra-day cycles.
What is important to remember is that long-term trends influence short-term trends.
In an up-trend, rallies tend to be stronger than corrections. In a down-trend, corrections are mostly stronger than rallies.
Unusual conditions can be created by the interaction of cycles in different time frames. They may offset each other or they may overlap and act in the same direction, resulting in an extreme peak or trough.
Chart Analysis
Avoid becoming hypnotized by movements on daily or intra-day charts. Always analyze charts in at least 2 time frames:
1. Determine the strength and direction of longer term trends and gauge their effect on the cycle being traded.
2. Then analyze the cycle being traded.
Estimate the length of cycles by measuring the time taken between consecutive peaks (or troughs)

本人来源：http://www.incrediblecharts.com/technical/chart_basics.php

本文翻译由兄弟财经提供